Subjective	Possessive	Objective
Nouns
Singular
	frog	frog's	frog
	Mary	Mary's	Mary
Plural
	frogs	frogs'	frogs
	Khans	Khans’	Khans
Personal Pronouns
Singular
1st person	I	my, mine	me
2nd person	you	your, yours	you
3rd person	he  she  it	his  her, hers  its	him  her  it
Plural
1st person	we	our, ours	us
2nd person	you	your, yours	you
3rd person	they	Their , theirs	them
Relative and interrogative pronouns
	who	whose	whom
	whoever		whomever
	which/that/what		which/that/what
Indefinite pronouns
	everybody	everybody's	everybody

Definition: Possessive Pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a possession relation.

 

Subject	Possessive
I	Mine
You	Yours
He	His
She	Hers
It	Its
We	Ours
You	Yours

Use of conditional Sentences

 Zero conditional  

When we talk about things that are generally or always true, we can use:
যখন আমরা এমন জিনিসগুলির বিষয়ে কথা বলি যা সাধারণত বা সর্বদা সত্য, তখন আমরা ব্যবহার করতে পারি:

 

If/When/Unless + a present form + present simple or imperative

• If he gets there before me, ask him to wait.

 যদি সে আমার আগে সেখানে আসে, তাকে অপেক্ষা করতে বলুন।

• When you fly budget airline, you have to pay for your drinks and snacks.

আপনি যখন বাজেট এয়ারলাইন ফ্লাইট করেন, তখন আপনাকে আপনার পানীয় এবং স্ন্যাকসের জন্য অর্থ প্রদান করতে হবে।

• Unless you need more space, a small car is big enough for one person.

আপনার আরও জায়গার প্রয়োজন না হলে, একটি ছোট গাড়ি একজন ব্যক্তির জন্য যথেষ্ট।


Note: we are not talking about a specific event but something which is generally true. 

মনে রাখবেন যে আমরা একটি নির্দিষ্ট ঘটনা সম্পর্কে কথা বলছি না কিন্তু এমন কিছু যা সাধারণত সত্য।

In the condition clause, we can use a variety of present forms. In the result clause, there can only be the present simple or imperative.


If you visit London, go on the London Eye.


If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jobs.


If you've done that, go and have a coffee.

যদি আপনি এটি করে থাকেন, যান এবং একটি কফি খান .

When you go on holiday, take plenty of sun cream. It'll be very hot.


When I'm concentrating, please don't make so much noise.


When I've finished an article, I always ask Kate to read it through.


Notice that 'unless' means the same as 'if not'.

 'unless' মানে 'যদি না' এর মতই।

Unless he asks you politely, refuse to do any more work on the project.


Unless prices are rising, it's not a good investment.


Unless you've been there yourself, you don't really understand how fantastic it is. 

নিজে না থাকলে,  সত্যিই বুঝতে পারবেন না এটি কতটা চমত্কার।

The first conditional

We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.

ভবিষ্যতে ঘটতে পারে এমন ঘটনা সম্পর্কে কথা বলার জন্য আমরা First Conditional ব্যবহার করি।


If we take Abu , he'll be really pleased.


If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.


If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them.
যদি তারা আমাদের বলে যে তারা এটা চায়, আমাদের তাদের দিতে হবে।

If Mary comes, she'll want to drive.


The 'if' clause can be used with different present form.


If I go to Dhaka again, I'll buy you a bag from the new market.


If he's feeling better, he'll come.


If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her.


The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well as 'will'.


If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am.


If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and money.


The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can' and 'must'.


If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's.


If he comes, you can get a lift home with him.

Second conditional

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.


If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.


If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.


If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.


If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.


Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)


If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.


If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.


If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.


Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.


If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.


If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.


The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.


If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.


If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.


If you were in my position, you'd understand.


Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.

Abu-- If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.


Kamal – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.


Abu--  If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.


Kamal – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.


Abu – If my team wins the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.

Kamal – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.


Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.


If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.


If she were coming, she would be here by now.


If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.


Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might.


If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently.


If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.


If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.


Also note that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.


What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")


Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")


He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")

Third conditional

We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened.


If I had worked harder at school, I would have got better grades.


If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn't have time.


If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild the kitchen.


If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got there on time but we were late.


Notice that the main clause can contain 'would', 'could' or 'might.


If I had seen him at the meeting, I would have asked him. (But he wasn't there so I didn't.)


If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him. (But he wasn't there so it wasn't possible.)


If I had seen him at the meeting, I might have asked him. (But I'm not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen.)


If I had paid more attention in class, I would have understood the lesson.


Also notice that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.


I'd have done it. ("If you had asked me but you didn't.")


I wouldn't have said that. ("If I'd been there.")


He wouldn't have let him get away with that. ("If he had tried that with me.")


 

Difference among NEED ,WANT , DEMAND

 

Difference among NEED ,WANT , DEMAND

 প্রয়োজন, চাওয়া, চাহিদার মধ্যে পার্থক্য

"Need," "want," and "demand" are often used interchangeably in colloquial language, but in economics, they have distinct meanings:

 

1. **Need:** A need refers to something that is necessary for survival or for maintaining a basic standard of living. These are the things required for sustenance, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. Needs are essential for human well-being.

 

2. **Want:** A want, on the other hand, refers to something that is desired but not essential for survival. Wants are often influenced by individual preferences, cultural factors, and personal tastes. They include things like luxury items, entertainment, travel, and leisure activities.

 

3. **Demand:** Demand, in economics, refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a specific period. It's not just about desire; it involves the ability and willingness to pay for a product or service. Demand is influenced by factors such as price, income, preferences, and the availability of substitutes.

 

In summary, needs are essential for survival, wants are desires for things beyond basic necessities, and demand represents the willingness and ability to purchase goods or services at various prices.

Expression of opinion- মতামত প্রকাশ

Opinion- মতামত প্রকাশ

 Expressing opinions involves clarity, conviction and differing perspectives.

মতামত প্রকাশের মধ্যে স্পষ্টতা, প্রত্যয় এবং ভিন্ন দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি জড়িত।

There are many ways to give your opinions when speaking English. The exact English expression you use depends on how strong your opinion is.
ইংরেজি বলার সময় মতামত দেওয়ার অনেক উপায় আছে। সঠিক ইংরেজি নির্ভর করে মতামত কতটা শক্তিশালী তার উপর।

Key phrases

• I think; I feel; I reckon - আমি মনে করি (informal)
• I guess -আমার ধারণা (American)
• In my view/opinion - আমার দৃষ্টিতে/মত (আনুষ্ঠানিক) (formal)
• Apparently-দৃশ্যত; 
• so to speak-তাই বলতে;
•  more or less-বেশি অথবা কম;
•  sort of -প্রকার, রকম(informal)
• Kind of-ধরনের (informal)
• Well-আচ্ছা; 
• really-সত্যিই;; 
• that is to say-ঐটাই বলতে হবে / অর্থাৎ; 
• at least- অন্তত/কমপক্ষে;
• I am afraid-আমার ভয় হচ্ছে;
• I suppose-আমি ধরে নিচ্ছি / আমার মনে হ্য়/আমার ধারণা; 
• or rather-বরং বা; actually-আসলে/প্রকৃতপক্ষে; 
• I mean-আমি বলতে চাচ্ছি

Giving your opinion neutrally

I think/ feel/ reckon/ guess and in my view/ opinion are used to make opinions and statements sound less dogmatic.

আমি মনে করি/অনুভূতি/অনুমান/অনুমান এবং আমার দৃষ্টিতে/মতামত ব্যবহার করা হয় মতামত এবং বিবৃতিগুলিকে কম গোঁড়ামি শোনাতে।

• I think she is lying

আমার মনে হয় সে মিথ্যা বলছে।

• I really feel she is making a mistake

.আমি সত্যিই অনুভব করি সে ভুল করছে।

• I reckon/ guess she just doesn’t love him.

আমি মনে করি/ সে শুধু তাকে ভালোবাসে না।

• In my view/opinion, it would be better to call the police.

আমার দৃষ্টিতে/মতামত অনুযায়ী, পুলিশকে কল করা ভাল হবে।

Apparently can be used to say that the speaker has got his/her information from somebody else (and perhaps does not guarantee that it is true).

Apparently ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে যে বক্তা অন্য কারো কাছ থেকে তার তথ্য পেয়েছেন

• Have you heard? Apparently she is pregnant again.

তুমি কি শুনেছ? স্পষ্টতই তিনি আবার গর্ভবতী।
So to speak, more or less, at least and sort/kind of are used to show that one is not speaking very exactly, or to soften something which might upset other people.  

একজন খুব সঠিক কথা বলছে না দেখাতে ব্যবহৃত হয় 

Well and really can also be used to soften.

• I sort of think we ought to leave now. আমি মনে করি আমাদের এখন চলে যাওয়া উচিত।
• I kind of think we are going to lose.

আমি মনে করি আমরা হারতে যাচ্ছি।

• She is kind of strange. তিনি অদ্ভুত ধরনের. 
• Do you like it?’ ‘Well, yes, it is all right.’তুমি কি এটা পছন্দ কর?’ ‘আচ্ছা, হ্যাঁ,  ঠিক আছে।’
• Ghosts don’t exist. At least, I have never seen one. ভূতের অস্তিত্ব নেই। অন্তত, আমি একটি দেখেনি.
• I am afraid আমার ভয় হচ্ছে;
• I am afraid (that) often means I am sorry to tell you (that). It is used to introduce apologetic refusals and bad news. এটি      প্রত্যাখ্যান এবং খারাপ খবর ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• I am afraid I can’t help you. আমি তোমাকে সাহায্য করতে পারব না।
• I am afraid I forgot to post the letters.আমি চিঠি পোস্ট করতে ভুলে গেছি।

I suppose is used to enquire politely about something. It can also be used to suggest unwilling agreement.

কিছু সম্পর্কে ভদ্রভাবে অনুসন্ধান করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়

• I suppose you are very busy at the moment?’আমি মনে করি আপনি এই মুহূর্তে খুব ব্যস্ত?'
• Can you lend me some money?’ ‘I suppose so.’তুমি কি আমাকে কিছু টাকা ধার দিতে পারবে?’ ‘আমি তাই মনে করি।’

Or rather and I mean can be used to correct oneself.

• I am seeing him in May – or rather early June.আমি তাকে মে মাসে বা বরং জুনের শুরুতে দেখছি।
• Let’s meet next Monday – I mean Tuesday. আসুন পরের সোমবার দেখা করি - মানে মঙ্গলবার।

According to
We do not usually give our own opinions with according to.

আমরা সাধারণত আমাদের নিজস্ব মতামত দেই  না।

In my opinion, she is sick.আমার মতে, সে অসুস্থ। (NOT According to me, …)
Giving a strong opinion
I'm absolutely convinced that…আমি পুরোপুরি নিশ্চিত যে...'’
I'm sure that…আমি নিশ্চিত যে…'’
I strongly believe that…আমি দৃঢ়ভাবে বিশ্বাস করি যে…'’
I have no doubt that…এতে আমার কোন সন্দেহ নেই...'

’
English expressions for asking someone's opinion কারো মতামত চাওয়ার জন্য 
What do you think? আপনি কি মনে করেন?
What's your view?’ আপনার দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি কি?'
How do you see the situation?’ পরিস্থিতি কেমন দেখছেন?'

May / Might

May / Might

May - in the sense of probability
সম্ভাবনা অর্থে

We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English
আমরা অনুমতি চাইতে 'may' ব্যবহার করতে পারি  এবং আধুনিক কথ্য ইংরেজিতে  ব্যবহৃত হয় না 

1. May I borrow your pen? আমি কি  আপনার কলম ধার নিতে পারি?
2. May we think about it?  আমরা কি এটা নিয়ে ভাবতে পারি?
3. May I go now? আমি কি এখন যেতে পারি?
4. We use 'may' to suggest something is possible আমরা কিছু সম্ভাবনার পরামর্শ দিতে  May ব্যবহার করি
5. It may rain later today. আজ পরে বৃষ্টি হতে পারে।
6. I may not have time to do it today. আজ হয়তো আমার সময় হবে না  ।
7. Kamal may come with us কামাল  আমাদের সাথে আসতে পারে

Might

We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that 'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and 'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English.
আমরা কোনো কিছুর ক্ষীণ সম্ভাবনা  বুঝাতে  'might' ব্যবহার করি।  কথ্য ইংরেজিতে 'may' এর চেয়ে might' বেশি স্বাভাবিক।

• She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all.

তিনি এখন বাড়িতে থাকতে পারে তবে এটি মোটেও নিশ্চিত নয়।

• It might rain this afternoon.

আজ বিকেলে বৃষ্টি হতে পারে।

• I might not have time to go to the shops for you.

আপনার জন্য দোকানে যাওয়ার সময় হয়তো আমার নেই।

• I might not go.

আমি হয়তো যাব না।

For the past, we use 'might have'.

• He might have tried to call while I was out.

আমি বাইরে থাকার সময় সে হয়তো ফোন করার চেষ্টা করেছিল।

• I might have dropped it in the street.

আমি হয়তো রাস্তায় ফেলে দিতাম।

 

Use of Articles

USE of Articles

First the good news: There are only three articles in English: a, an and the.

প্রথম সুসংবাদ: ইংরেজিতে মাত্র তিনটি Articles রয়েছে: a, an এবং the.

There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and 'an' or definite 'the'. You also need to know when not to use an article.
দুই ধরনের Articles অনির্দিষ্ট 'a' এবং 'an' বা নির্দিষ্ট 'the'। কোন Articles কখন ব্যবহার করবেন না তাও আপনাকে জানতে হবে।

The bad news is that their proper use is complex, especially when you get into the advanced use of English.
খারাপ খবর হল তাদের সঠিক ব্যবহার জটিল, বিশেষ করে যখন আপনি advanced use of English. ব্যবহারে যান।

Quite often we have to work it out by what sounds right, which can be frustrating for a learner.

Indefinite articles - a and an

A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with
.A এবং an হল অনির্দিষ্ট articles। তারা এমন কিছু উল্লেখ করে যার সাথে আপনি বিশেষভাবে পরিচিত নয়।

1.You use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel".

2.You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before:-
For example:
I saw an elephant this morning.

আমি আজ সকালে একটি হাতি দেখেছি।
I ate a banana for lunch.
আমি দুপুরের খাবারের জন্য একটি কলা খেয়েছি।

A and an are also used when talking about your profession

পেশা সম্পর্কে কথা বলার সময় A এবং an ব্যবহার করা হয়: -

For example
I am an English teacher." "আমি একজন ইংরেজি শিক্ষক।"
"I am a builder.""আমি একজন নির্মাতা।"


We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity".
So, "a university" IS correct.

We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our".
So, "an hour" IS correct.

Note

Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling.
উচ্চারণ এই নিয়ম পরিবর্তন করে। শব্দটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, বানান নয়।

• If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we use a.

যদি পরবর্তী শব্দটি a consonant sound দিয়ে শুরু হয় যখন আমরা A বলি, উদাহরণস্বরূপ, university তাহলে আমরা a ব্যবহার করি।

• If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example "hour" then we use an. 

যদি পরবর্তী শব্দটি  a vowel sound দিয়ে শুরু হয় যখন আমরা AN বলি, উদাহরণস্বরূপ hour তাহলে আমরা একটি ব্যবহার করি।

Definite Article - the

There are two ways to pronounce "the" .One "thuh" and the other "thee". Strong pronunciation


We use the when we know that the listener knows or can work out what particular person/thing you are talking about.

For example:

The apple you ate was rotten."

আপনি যে আপেল খেয়েছেন তা পচা ছিল 

Did you lock the car?" 

তুমি কি গাড়ি লক করেছ?"

We should also use the when we have already mentioned the thing we are talking about.

For example:
She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen."
তার দুটি সন্তান আছে; একটি মেয়ে এবং একটি ছেলে। মেয়ের আট আর ছেলের চোদ্দ।"


We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe.

For example:
The North Pole, the equator উত্তর মেরু, বিষুবরেখা

We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas

For example:
the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel নীল নদ, প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর,ইংলিশ চ্যানেল

We also use the before certain nouns when we know there is only one of a particular thing.

For example:
the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc.. বৃষ্টি, সূর্য, বাতাস, পৃথিবী, পৃথিবী, হোয়াইট হাউস ইত্যাদি।

However if you want to describe a particular instance of these you should use a/an.
For example:

• I could hear the wind." / "There's a cold wind blowing.

আমি বাতাস শুনতে পাচ্ছিলাম।" / "একটি ঠান্ডা বাতাস বইছে।

• What are your plans for the future? "She has a promising future ahead of her.

ভবিষ্যতের জন্য আপনার পরিকল্পনা কি?" তার সামনে একটি প্রতিশ্রুতিশীল ভবিষ্যত আছে।"

The is also used to say that a particular person or thing being mentioned is the best, most famous, etc. In this use, 'the' is usually given strong pronunciation:

For example:

• Harry's Bar is the place to go.

হ্যারি'স বার হল যাওয়ার জায়গা।

• You don't mean you met the Tony Blair, do you?

আপনি বলতে চাচ্ছেন না যে আপনি টনি ব্লেয়ারের সাথে দেখা করেছেন, তাই না?"

Note - The doesn't mean all:-
For example:

• The books are expensive. = (Not all books are expensive, just the ones I'm talking about.)

বইগুলো দামি।" = (সব বই দামি নয়, শুধু আমি যেগুলোর কথা বলছি।)

• Books are expensive." = (All books are expensive.)

বই দামি।" = (সব বই দামী।)

No article

We usually use no article to talk about things in general:-

For example:
Inflation is rising.
People are worried about rising crime. (Note! People generally, so no article)

You do not use an article when talking about sports.
For example:
My son plays football.
Tennis is expensive.

You do not use an article before uncountable nouns when talking about them generally.
For example:
Information is important to any organization.
Coffee is bad for you.


You do not use an article before the names of countries except where they indicate multiple areas or contain the words (state(s), kingdom, republic, union). Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need an article.

For example:
No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England

Use the - the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United States of America), the Irish Republic

Multiple areas! the Netherlands, the Philippines, the British Isles

USE of Had better-==বরং

USE of Had better-- বরং

We use “had better” plus the infinitive without “to” to give advice. Although “had” is the past form of “have”, we use “had better” to give advice about the present or future.

 বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যৎ সম্পর্কে পরামর্শ দিতে আমরা "Had better" ব্যবহার করি।

• You'd better tell her everything. 
• তুমি বরং তাকে সব বলে দাও 
• I'd better get back to work. 
• আমি বরং কাজে ফিরে  যাই 
• We'd better meet early. 
• আমরা তাড়াতাড়ি দেখা করা ভাল.

The negative form is “had better not”.

• You'd better not say anything. 
• তুমি কিছু না বললে ভালো হবে।
• I'd better not come.
• আমার না আসাই ভালো।
• We'd better not miss the start of his presentation. 
• আমরা তার উপস্থাপনা মিস না করি 

We use “had better” to give advice about specific situations, not general ones.

আমরা নির্দিষ্ট পরিস্থিতি সম্পর্কে পরামর্শ দিতে had better ব্যবহার করি,

 

If you want to talk about general situations, you must use “should”.

• You should brush your teeth before you go to bed.
• আপনি ঘুমাতে যাওয়ার আগে আপনার দাঁত ব্রাশ করা উচিত।
• I shouldn't listen to negative people.
• আমার নেতিবাচক লোকদের কথা শোনা উচিত নয়।
• He should dress more appropriately for the office.
• তাকে অফিসের জন্য আরও উপযুক্ত পোশাক পরা উচিত।

When we give advice about specific situations, it is also possible to use “should”.


You shouldn't say anything.


I should get back to work.


We should meet early.


However, when we use “had better” there is a suggestion that if the advice is not followed, that something bad will happen.

• You'd better do what I say or else you will get into trouble.
• আমি যা বলি তুমি তা কর নাহলে সমস্যায় পড়বে।
• I'd better get back to work or my boss will be angry with me.
• আমি কাজে ফিরে যাই নাহলে আমার বস আমার উপর রাগ করবেন।
• We'd better get to the airport by five or else we may miss the flight.
• আমরা পাঁচটা নাগাদ বিমানবন্দরে পৌঁছাতে পারব না হলে আমরা ফ্লাইট মিস করতে পারি।

Had better refers to the immediate future. It is a strong advice. We use it to tell people what to do.

You had better consult a doctor. 

আপনি বরং  ডাক্তারের সাথে পরামর্শ করুন ।

You had better apologize.আপনি বরং ক্ষমা চেয়ে নিন .

We had better hurry up. We are already late.

আমাদের বরং তাড়াহুড়া করি । আমরা ইতিমধ্যেই দেরি করে ফেলেছি।

Had better sometimes suggests a threat and is not used in polite requests.

• You had better tell them soon. If you don't, there will be trouble.
• আপনি বরং তাদের শীঘ্রই বলে দিন . না করলে ঝামেলা হবে।
• You had better mend your ways.
• আপনি বরং আপনার উপায় সংশোধন করুন