CASE (কারক) PART- 1

 CASE (কারক) PART- 1

In a English sentence, relation of “noun” or “pronoun” with the other word or words of the sentence is called a case. In English, the noun or pronoun case usually has four types.
[English Sentence এ কোন noun বা pronoun এর সাথে অন্যান্য word বা শব্দের যে সম্পর্ক থাকে তাকে Case বলে।]
These are as follows
1. Nominative case
2. Objective case
3. Possessive case
4. Vocative case

Example: Robin killed kamal’s dog

In above sentence

Robin= Nominative case {who killed? = Robin} relation between Robin & Killed
Dog = Objective case {what did Robin kill? = Dog} relation between Robin & dog
Kamal’s = Possessive case {whose dog ? = Kamal’s} relation between Kamal & dog.

NOMINATIVE CASE:
When a noun or pronoun is used as” subject”, then it is called “Nominative” case.
If you want to get Nominative, then the “verb” will be asked by who or what
.
[যখন কোন noun বা pronoun কর্তা রুপে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন তাকে Nominative case বলে।
Nominative কে পেতে হলে ক্রিয়াকে কে (who) অথবা কি (what) দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করতে হবে।]

Example: Robin killed kamal’s dog

In above sentence
Robin= Nominative case {who killed? = Robin}

OBJECTIVE CASE:
When a noun or pronoun is used as an “object”, it is called Objective case.
To get the objective, the “verb” will be asked by whom or what.

[যখন কোন noun বা pronoun কর্ম রুপে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন তাকে Objective case বলে।
Objective কে পেতে হলে ক্রিয়াকে কাকে (whom) অথবা কী (what) দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করতে হবে।]

Example: Robin killed kamal’s dog.

In above sentence
Dog = Objective case {what did Robin kill? = Dog}

POSSESSIVE CASE: USE OF (‘S) / OF
When a “noun “or “pronoun” refers to authority /to the relation of affiliation/ or possess something. To get “possessive” case you have to ask question with “whose”

[অধিকার সম্বন্ধ বা কর্তৃত্ব সম্বন্ধ বোঝায়। এটি কার? এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়।]

Example: Robin killed kamal’s dog.

In above sentence
Kamal’s = Possessive case {whose dog? = Kamal’s}

FORMATION OF POSSESSIVE CASE: NOUN
1. Singular nouns those don't have “S” at their end are made possessive by adding Apostrophe S (‘S) at the end. It is in the case of living things.

Example: kamal’s dog, Shawkot’s book, kamal’s pen, mother’s glass, baby’s toy.
Khan’s house (Khan is a single person)

[যে সব Singular noun এর শেষে s নাই সেগুলোকে সাধারণত 's যোগ করে possessive করা হয়. এটা জীবিত noun এর ক্ষেত্রে হয়।]

2. Singular nouns those have “S” at their end are made possessive by adding only apostrophe (‘) at the end. It is in the case of living things.
Example: Kesus’ speech, Krutass’ car, Keates’ poem.
Khans’ house. (Khan is a Dynasty)

[শেষে ‘s’ যুক্ত singular noun এর শেষে শুধু Apostrophe যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়। যেখানে স-ধ্বনি একাধিক থাকে। ]

3. 3.Plural nouns those don't have “S” at their end are made possessive by adding Apostrophe S (‘S) at the end. It is in the case of living things.
Example: women’s co-operative, children’s park, men’s dress, People’s Republic.

[শেষে ‘s’ বিহীন plural noun এর সাধারণত Apostrophe ও S (’s) যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়। ]

4. 4.Plural nouns those have “S” at their end are made possessive by adding only apostrophe (‘) at the end. It is in the case of living things.
Example: boys’ school, girls’ school, sailors’ cap, brothers’ garden.

[শেষে ‘s’ যুক্ত plural noun এর শেষে শুধু Apostrophe যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়। ]

5. By adding Apostrophe and S ('s) at the end of compound noun possessive are made. brother-in-law’s home, Inspector-general’s office.

[Compound noun এর শেষে Apostrophe ও S (’s) যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়।]

6. When adding more than one noun mean joint authority , the last name is to be added to it ('s).

Kamal and Jamal’s bus. Zannat and Naheeyan’s mother.

7. In the case of inanimate (Nonliving things) noun, we will not use ('s) to make a Possessive. then we use "of"

Example:
I. The cap of the pen. Not - pen’s cap.
II. Flowers of my garden. Not- garden’s flower.
III. Legs of the table. Not- table’s legs
IV. The Head master of our school not- school’s Headmaster.

অচেতন পদার্থের ক্ষেত্রে (’s) না বসিয়ে of বসিয়ে Possessive করতে হয়।

BUT
 The population of Bangladesh is big
 Bangladesh’s population is big.
 Economic condition of Japan is good.
 Japan’s economic condition is good.
 Eight percent of the world’s nations are poor.
 Eighty percent nations of the world are poor.

All of above are correct.

In this manner: Today’s newspaper, Today’s world, yesterday’s meeting, and tomorrow’s hope